Course Syllabus

OLFU VISION

A premier inclusive university of choice aspiring to improve man as man by developing individuals though a legacy of excellent education and compassionate value formation.

OLFU MISSION

OLFU CORE VALUES

Through innovative learning strategies focused on strong and updated academic foundation with enhanced industry skills and experience, a graduate of OLFU is expected to be an ACHIEVER. In the community and in the workplace, an OLFU graduate will be known as a person who:

A –       Aspires To Do His Best

C –       Is Credible And Compassionate

H –       Is Hardworking And Honorable

I –        Is An Inspiration To Others

E –       Is Efficiently Entrepreneurial And Employable

V –       Is A Visionary

E –       Is Ethical And Has Excellent Work Habits

R –       Is Responsible

PROGRAM MISSION

PROGRAM VISION

The College of Medical Laboratory Science aims to provide quality educational program that embodies excellence in laboratory science for the development of globally competitive, compassionate and highly-skilled medical laboratory scientists through competent educators and state of the art laboratory equipment and facilities.

The College of Medical Laboratory Science envisions itself to be the premier institution in the provision of quality medical laboratory science education, research and practice by 2025.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO)

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (ATTRIBUTES)

A graduate of BS Medical Laboratory Science is expected to:

1.     Demonstrate aptitude in the performance of clinical laboratory tests in aid of diagnosis, treatment, monitoring and management of diseases in relation to biosafety and waste management.

2.     Establish analytical and critical thinking skills in the practice of laboratory science.

3.     Allure in the improvement of health care management system through collection, analysis and projection of health information.

4.     Bear out interpersonal skills, leadership qualities and ethical practice in the field of laboratory science.

5.     Appreciate the need for research and community services to develop knowledge of health, disease and healthcare management.

6.     Exhibit efficient teaching and commitment to lifelong learning through continuing education.

Upon graduation from the program, the graduates have the ability to:

1.     Demonstrate technical competence in the performance of clinical laboratory test in aid of diagnosis, treatment and management of diseases vis a vis biosafety and waste management.

2.     Demonstrate analytical and critical thinking skills in the workplace.

3.     Engage in the collection, analysis and projection of health information for improving the health care management system.

4.     Demonstrate interpersonal skills, leadership qualities and ethical practice of the profession.

5.     Apply research skills in relevant areas of Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science practice.

6.     Participate in community-oriented activities.

7.     Engage in life long activities and

8.     Demonstrate effective teaching and communication skills.

COURSE SYLLABUS

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1

COLLEGE

MLS

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The course deals with the quantitative measurement of biochemical substances found in body fluids essentially blood. This involves the knowledge and understanding of the basic concepts and principles of their metabolism, laboratory analyses, and pathophysiology. Quality assurance and safety are given due emphasis

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

After successful completion of the course, the students must be able to:

1. Analyze logically how the study of Clinical Chemistry contributes to the achievement of the vision and mission of the College and the University
2. Define clearly Clinical Chemistry and understand the role of medical technologists in the field of Clinical Chemistry
3. Demonstrate laboratory safety and proper waste disposal
4. Analyze and compute laboratory calculations properly
5. Explain correctly the proper technique of pipetting.
6. Determine precisely the basic components of a spectrophotometer
7. Explain and correlate effectively the principle and application of

the different instruments used in the clinical chemistry laboratory

8. Compare and contrast the various analytic techniques effectively.
9. Discuss comprehensively the existing clinical applications for

each analytic technique.

10. Compare the different approaches to automated analysis used by instrument manufacturers.
11. Define extensively and summarize the metabolisms mechanism of carbohydrates.
12. Identify and apply correctly the different techniques and method of specimen collection

for glucose determination.

13. Identify, differentiate and interpret thoroughly the different method of determining

glucose.

14. Discuss comprehensively the three phases in the clinical chemistry laboratory
15. Infer quality assurance with the three phases of the testing process
16. Differentiate quality assurance and quality control
17. Classify and explain the different tools for quality control
18. Enumerate completely the different pathology associated with the abnormal findings in glucose determination.
19. Interpret thoroughly and demonstrate the different signs and

symptoms pertaining to whether increase or decrease results.

20. Outline correctly the risks and predisposing factors related to

conditions related to increase or decrease glucose and their complications.

21. Enumerate and interpret accurately the different tests in

evaluating Diabetes mellitus

22. Clearly explain lipids according to composition, classification, properties
23. Discuss in details the metabolism of lipids in the body
24. Explain extensively the requirements regarding patient preparations; specimen collection; transport processing and handling
25. Discuss comprehensively the principle involved, advantages and disadvantages of laboratory methods of lipid & lipoproteins
26. Differentiate biologically important types of amino acids.
27. Explain briefly the process of amino acid synthesis and metabolism.
28. Analyze effectively the different functions of proteins.
29. Explain in-depth the medically important and most commonly determined proteins in the

blood.

30. Exemplify the different methods of protein determination.
31. Interpret accurately the laboratory test results with pathologic conditions.
32. Analyze common terms associated with renal function Test
33. Differentiate the types of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) substances present in the blood
34. Examine the sources, metabolism, formation and excretion of uric acid, urea, creatinine and ammonia
35. Distinguish the different factors that may affect the level of uric, urea, creatinine and

ammonia in the blood

36. Discuss extensively of the anatomy of the liver
37. Explain completely the different functions of the liver
38. Differentiate the inherited disorders of bilirubin metabolism
39. Discuss extensively the different liver diseases and hepatobiliary disorders, and the corresponding laboratory tests that may be performed for diagnosis
40. Correlate correctly the laboratory results with normal or pathologic status of the liver

COURSE COVERAGE – PRELIMS

WEEK

UNIT EXPECTED OUTCOMES (UEO)

COURSE CONTENT

1

At the end of this Unit, the student is able to:

Lecture

1. Exemplify wholeheartedly the Vision-Mission and Core Values of the University and College
2. Analyze logically how the study of Clinical Chemistry contributes to the achievement of the vision and mission of the College and the University
3. Define clearly Clinical Chemistry and understand the role of medical technologists in the field of Clinical Chemistry 

Laboratory:

·   Apply universal precaution

·   Classify and discuss the different laboratory hazards

·   Demonstrate laboratory safe practices and proper waste disposal

·   Explain the significance of laboratory waste management

I. Introduction to the Course

·   Course Orientation

A. OLFU Vision-Mission and Core Values

B. College Vision and Mission

·   Overview of Clinical Chemistry

A. Introduction to Clinical Chemistry

B. History of Clinical Chemistry

C. Importance and Role of Medical Technologists in the field of Clinical Chemistry

·   Laboratory Safety

A. Universal Precautions

B. Laboratory Hazards

1. Biological

2. Chemical

3. Electrical

4. Fire

5. Radiation

6. Others

·   Safety equipment

·   Laboratory waste management

A. Segregation

B. Storage

C. Treatment

D. Disposal

2

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

Lecture:

1. Execute  unit conversions precisely.
2. Analyze  and compute  laboratory calculations properly

Laboratory:

·   Perform accurately the laboratory calculations for the preparation of solutions and dilutions

 II. Laboratory Mathematics

·   Laboratory Mathematics

A. Unit conversions

B. Percent solutions

C. Normality

D. Molarity

E. Dilutions

F. pH and pOH

LABORATORY

·   Preparation of solutions and dilutions

3

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

Lecture:

1. Explain correctly the proper technique of pipetting.
2. Enumerate concisely the different types of pipette.
3. Describe completely the Self-Draining, and Blow-out pipette.
4. Compare appropriately To Contain Pipette and To Deliver Pipette.
5. Identify accurately the common characteristics of a chemical.
6. Define fittingly Regent and its different categories.

Laboratory:

·   Discuss the function of the different laboratory glassware and equipment

·   Discuss and differentiate the measuring devices used in clinical chemistry

·   Execute proper techniques in using the pipette

III. Laboratory Supplies

·   General Laboratory Equipment

·   Common Laboratory Equipment

·   Chemicals and Reagents

·   General and common laboratory glassware and equipment

·   Proper use of pipette

4

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

Lecture:

1. Determine precisely the basic components of a spectrophotometer
2. Explain and correlate effectively the principle and application of the different instruments used in the clinical chemistry laboratory
3. Discuss the limitations of each analytic technique properly..
4. Compare and contrast the various analytic techniques
5. Discuss comprehensively the existing clinical applications for each analytic technique.

Laboratory:

·   Identify and describe the parts of a spectrophotometer

·   Demonstrate the proper use of the spectrophotometer

IV. Analytical methods and Instrumentation

·   Spectrophotometry and Filter Photometry

A. Electromagnetic energy

B. Wavelength

C. Colorimetry

D. Filter Photometer

E. Spectrophotometer

F. EFP and FES

G. AAS

·   Volumetric (titrimetry)

·   Gravimetric

·   Fluorometry

·   Turbidimetry and Nephelometry

·   Scintillation counter

·   RIA

·   Electrochemistry

·   Chromatography

·   Electrophoresis

·   Operation and maintenance of Spectrophotometer and other laboratory instruments

·   Preventive maintenance of laboratory instruments

5

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

Lecture:

1. Explain correctly the  following terms:

1. Automation
2. Channel
3. Continuous flow
4. Discrete analysis
5. Dwell time
6. Flag
7. Random access
8. Throughput

1. Name exactly three basic approaches to sample analysis used by automated analyzers.
2. List concisely examples of commercially available discrete chemistry analyzers.
3. Compare the different approaches to automated analysis used by instrument manufacturers.
4. Discriminate accurately between an open versus a closed reagnet system.
5. Differentiate completely the three phases of labaoratory testing process.

Laboratory:

·   Identify and describe the different clinical chemistry analyzers commonly found in the laboratory

·   Discuss the basic function of clinical chemistry analyzers

V. Automation and Terminologies

·   Advantages and disadvantages

·    Definition of Terms

·    Four main types of analyzers:

A. Continuous flow system

B. Discrete sampling analyzer

C. Centrifugal fast analyzer

D. Thin film analyzer

·   General functions of analyzers

·   Current trends in automation

Spectrophotometry

6

PRELIM EXAMINATION

7

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

Lecture:

1. Discuss comprehensively the three phases in the clinical chemistry laboratory
2. Infer quality assurance with the three phases of the testing process
3. Differentiate quality assurance and quality control
4. Classify and explain the different tools for quality control

Laboratory:

·   Apply the different tools used for quality control

·   Prepare reagents, control and blank solutions

IX. Quality Management

·   Three phases of clinical chemistry testing process

A. Pre-analytical phase

B. Analytical phase

C.  Post-analytical phase

·   Quality Assurance and Quality Control

·   Implications of Quality Control

·   Reagents, Controls and Blank

8

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

Lecture:

1. Discuss systematically statistical tools for quality control.
2. Identify and compare the different histograms used in quality control.
3. Illustrate and interpret quality control charts.
4. Explain the concepts of internal and external quality control programs.

Laboratory:

·   Demonstrate quality control chart and evaluate quality control result

·   Determine errors in the chart and identify measures addressing the error in quality control

X. Quality Control

·   Statistical tools

A. Mean

B. Median

C. Mode

D. Standard Deviation

E. Variance

F. Coefficient of Variation

·   Quality Control Charts

·   Errors in quality control

·   Westgard Rules

·   Internal Quality Control Program

·   Proficiency Testing

·   Preparation and interpretation of QC chart

·   Application of Westgard Rules

9

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

Lecture:

1. Explain completely in detail the chemical processes within an organism on how Carbohydrates are produced, metabolized, utilized and excreted.
2. Classify accordingly carbohydrates into groups based on molecular structure, number of sugar units in chains, and chemical properties.
3. Define extensively and summarize the metabolisms mechanism of carbohydrates.
4. Identify and apply correctly the different techniques and method of specimen collection for glucose determination.
5. Identify, differentiate and interpret thoroughly the different method of determining glucose.

Laboratory:

·   Administer the considerations in patient preparation, specimen collection, transport and processing & handling

·   Employ the specimen of choice, principle involved, advantages of the different laboratory methods of glucose determination

XI. Carbohydrates

·   Biochemistry

A. Classification

B. Metabolism

·   Specimen Considerations

·   Glucose Measurement

A. Methods

B. Reference Range

·   Enzymatic methods for glucose

10

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

Lecture:

1. Enumerate completely the different pathology associated with the abnormal findings in glucose determination.
2. Interpret thoroughly and demonstrate the different signs and symptoms pertaining to whether increase or decrease results.
3. Outline correctly the risks and predisposing factors related to conditions related to increase or decrease glucose and their complications.
4. Enumerate and interpret accurately the different tests in evaluating Diabetes mellitus
5. Describe extensively other related diseases.

Laboratory:

·   Execute fasting blood sugar determination

·   Interpret FBS result

XIII. Clinical Significance of Carbohydrates

·   Hypoglycemia

·   Diabetes Mellitus

A. Signs and Symptoms

B. Risks and Predisposing factors

C. Complications

·   Tests used in evaluating Diabetes mellitus

·   Other related diseases

·   Fasting Blood Sugar determination

11

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

Lecture

1. Clearly define terms associated with lipids
2. Explain extensively the lipids according to composition, classification, properties
3. Completely discuss the metabolism of lipids in the body

Laboratory:

·   Apply sample for lipid determination

·   Demonstrate Total Cholesterol Determination

XIV. Lipids and Lipoproteins

·   Biochemistry

A. Classification

1. Lipids

2. Lipoproteins

3. Functions

4. Metabolism

B. Specimen Considerations

·   Preparation of sample for lipid determination

·   Total Cholesterol determination

12

MIDTERM EXAMINATION

COURSE COVERAGE – FINALS

13

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

1. Explain comprehensively the requirements regarding patient preparations; specimen collection; transport processing and handling
2. Completely discuss the principle involved, advantages and disadvantages of laboratory methods of lipid & lipoproteins
3. List the reference value of each lipid measured
4. Analyze correctly the laboratory results with patients lipid or lipoprotein status
5. Check the laboratory data in the assessment of risk or coronary heart disease (CHD)
6. Distinguish the significance played by cardiac proteins and enzymes in the diagnosis of heart diseases

Laboratory:

·   Apply correctly laboratory methods of lipid determination

·   Exemplify calculations involved in lipid determination

·   Appraise the lipid profile result

·   Interpret the lipid profile result with health status of the patient

XV. Measurement of Lipids and Lipoproteins

·   Methods

A. Colorimetric

B. Electrophoresis

C. Electrophoretic patterns

·   Reference Range

·   Friedewald Equation

·   Clinical Significance

A. Hyperlipidemia

B. Hyperlipoproteinemia

C. Lipoprotein Phenotyping

·   Lipid Profile Determination

14

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

·

1. Classify correctly the proteins based on its composition.
2. Discuss comprehensively the properties of amino acids.
3. Differentiate biologically important types of amino acids.
4. Explain briefly the process of amino acid synthesis and metabolism.
5. Analyze effectively the different functions of proteins.
6. Explain in-depth the medically important and most commonly determined proteins in the blood.
7. Exemplify the different methods of protein determination.
8. Interpret accurately the laboratory test results with pathologic conditions.
9. Identify and correlate electrophoretic pattern with abnormal result and pathologic findings.
10. Discuss comprehensively the different types of aminoacidopathies.

Laboratory:

·   Demonstrate protein determination

·   Check for the AG ratio and interpret test results with pathologic conditions

XVI. Proteins

·   Biochemistry

A. Structure

B. Classification

C. Functions

D. Metabolism

·   Specimen Considerations

·   Measurement of Proteins

A. Methods

1. Colorimetric

2. Electrophoresis

B. Electrophoretic patterns

C. Reference Range

·   Clinical Significance

·   Amino acids

A. Types of amino acids

B. Disease correlations of amino acids

·   Methods for Protein measurement

15

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

Lecture:

1. Discuss extensively the common terms associated with renal function Test
2. Differentiate systematically the types of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) substances present in the blood
3. Examine comprehensively the sources, metabolism, formation and excretion of uric acid, urea, creatinine and ammonia
4. Distinguish individually the different factors that may affect the level of uric, urea, creatinine and ammonia in the blood

Laboratory:

·   Apply proper requirements of specimen collection, transport processing and handling

·   Discuss the principle involved, advantages of the commonly used methods of uric, area, creatinine and ammonia determination

·   Recognize the effect of age and sex on the value of BUN, BUA, creatinine

VIII. Non-Protein Nitrogen Compounds

Lecture:

·   Biochemistry

A. Types

1. Urea

2. Creatinine

3. Uric Acid

4. Ammonia

5. Amino acid

6. Others

B. Metabolism

·   Specimen Considerations

·   NPN Measurement

A. Methods

B. Reference Range

·   Clinical Significance

A. Uremia

B. Azotemia

C. Gout

D. Hepatic coma

E. Others

·   Other Kidney Function Tests

·   Methods for NPN measurement

16

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

1. Discuss extensively of the anatomy of the liver
2. Explain clearly the macro and micro structures of the liver
3. Differentiate the liver systems
4. Explain completely the different functions of the liver
5. Discuss extensively bilirubin metabolism
6. Define clearly jaundice and its related disorders
7. Classify the three different types of Jaundice
8. Differentiate the inherited disorders of bilirubin metabolism

Laboratory

·   Examine the requirements of specimen collection, transport processing and handling

·   Demonstrate Bilirubin determination

·   Solve for the Indirect and Total Bilirubin and interpret test results with pathologic conditions

·   Liver Function Test

·   Anatomy of the liver

A. Physiologic role

B. Metabolism of bilirubin

C. Difference between B1 and B2

D. Jaundice

Measurement of Direct and Total Bilirubin

17

At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:

1. Discuss extensively the different liver diseases and hepatobiliary disorders, and the corresponding laboratory tests that may be performed for diagnosis
2. Correlate correctly the laboratory results with normal or pathologic status of the liver
3. Compare and contrast the different methods for total and direct bilirubin determination
4. Differentiate important points in enzymes that are used to assess hepatocellular and hepatobiliary diseases
5. Describe clearly the different types of Hepatitis

Laboratory

·   Demonstrate Bilirubin determination

·   Apply the method of the Indirect, Total, and Delta Bilirubin determination and interpret test results with pathologic conditions

·   Laboratory diagnosis of liver disease

·   Liver Diseases

A. Hepatitis

B. Alcohol and liver

C.  Reye’s Syndrome

D.  Primary biliary cirrhosis

Measurement and Computation of Direct, Total, Indirect, and Delta Bilirubin

18

FINAL EXAM

TEXTBOOKS

Bishop, M. L., Fody, E. P., & Schoeff, L. E. (2018). Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Correlations. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

REFERENCES (BOOKS/ONLINE WEBSITES/JOURNALS)

Francisco, Felicisima Manabat. (2018). Handbook/manual in forensic chemistry, revised ed.. Quezon City : Wiseman's Books Trading, Inc..

Henry, J. B., McPherson, R. A., & Pincus, M. R. (2017). Henry's clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.

Larson, Donna . (2017). Clinical Chemistry : Fundamentals and Laboratory Techniques. St. Louis : Elsevier.

Marshall, W. J., Bangert, S. K., & Lapsley, M. (2016). Clinical chemistry. Edinburgh: Mosby Elsevier

Rifai, N., Horvath, A. R., & Wittwer, C. 1. (2018). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics. Sixth edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.

Rodriguez, Maria Teresa T.. (2014). Clinical Chemistry Review Handbook For Medical Technologists.

Rodwell, Victor W., …[et al.]. (2015). Harper's illustrated biochemistry, 13th ed.. New York : McGraw-Hill.

Suba, Sally C.. (2014). Laboratory Manual in Clinical Endocrinology with Toxicology & Drug Testing.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/clinical-biochemistry

GRADING SYSTEM

The final grade of the student is interpreted as shown on the table below:

AVERAGE

ABOVE 98.00

95.00 – 97.00

92.00 - 94.00

89.00 – 91.00

86.00 – 88.00

83.00 – 85.00

80.00-82.00

76.00-79.00

75.00

74.00 and below

FINAL GRADE

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

2.75

3.00

5.0

FDA (Failure due to Absences)                UW   (Unauthorized Withdrawal)                                  INC (Incomplete)

AW (authorized withdrawal                        NFE (No Final Examination

Lecture 60%:           Prelims (20%)           Midterms (20%)        Finals (20%)              Performance Task (35%)                          Research  (5%)

Laboratory 40%:     Prelim Practical Exam (20%)   Midterm Practical Exam (20%)   Final Practical Exam (20%)    Performance Task (35%)                        Laboratory Manual   (5%)